ethereum is an open-source, public, blockchain-based distributed computing platform and operating system featuring smart contract (scripting) functionality. It supports a modified version of Nakamoto consensus via transaction-based state transitions. Ether is a cryptocurrency whose blockchain is generated by the ethereum platform. Ether can be transferred between accounts and used to compensate participant mining nodes for computations performed. ethereum provides a decentralized Turing-complete virtual machine, the ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), which can execute scripts using an international network of public nodes. “Gas”, an internal transaction pricing mechanism, is used to mitigate spam and allocate resources on the network. ethereum was proposed in late 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, a cryptocurrency researcher and programmer. Development was funded by an online crowdsale that took place between July and August 2014. The system went live on 30 July 2015, with 11.9 million coins “premined” for the crowdsale, This accounts for about 13 percent of the total circulating supply. In 2016, as a result of the collapse of The DAO project, ethereum was split into two separate blockchains – the new separate version became ethereum (ETH), and the original continued as ethereum Classic (ETC). The value of the ethereum currency grew over 13,000 percent in 2 At the time of public announcement in January 2014, the core ethereum team was Vitalik Buterin, Mihai Alisie, Anthony Di Iorio, and Charles Hoskinson. Formal development of the ethereum software project began in early 2014 through a Swiss company, ethereum Switzerland GmbH (EthSuisse). Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the ethereum Foundation (Stiftung ethereum), was created as well. Development was funded by an online public crowdsale during July–August 2014, with the participants buying the ethereum value token (ether) with another digital currency, bitcoin. While there was early praise for the technical innovations of ethereum, questions were also raised about its security and scalability.

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